Adrian Dingle’s Chemistry Pages - The Blog

My latest writing project

In conjunction with Applied Practice, Dynamic Wordworks and Series Editor David Emmerson, I have written a series of AP Chemistry materials aimed at AP exam preparation in the classroom. The books are categorized into a series of topics and consist of AP style multiple-choice & free response questions. The first four books in the series are now available for purchase and I am in the process of writing the fifth. I am confident that these can be a GREAT resource for AP Chemistry teachers who are seeking to improve their students’ understanding, and with it their performance in the AP exam and in turn their AP scores.

In addition to the seventy-five multiple-choice questions and six free response in each book, you will also find a glossary, teaching notes and strategies for success. All questions come with full answers with multiple-choice questions come with explanations.

You can read more, here; http://www.appliedpractice.com/index.php?module=shop&cat=78

More on formal charge

Following this entry (http://adriandingleschemistrypages.com/AdrianDinglesChemistryBlog/nfblog/?p=183) in my Blog at the end of last month, I wanted to add some more notes about formal charge and its use on the AP exam. This question seems to come up a lot on the AP listerv and in my email inbox. Here’s what I have to say.

Formal charge is certainly overused as a diagnostic tool by many at the AP level. Let’s take a look at a couple of examples from recent AP exams. Firstly, 2007, 6(c);

This question asks for a Lewis diagram to help to explain why the sulfur-oxygen bond lengths in the SO₂ molecule are identical. The simple answer is to draw the molecule with one single S-O bond, one double S=O bond and a lone pair on the central S atom, and describe the resonance of the molecule that renders the sulfur-oxygen bonds to be ultimately the same length. This is the structure that makes most sense to me since it completes the octets of the atoms and accounts for all of the valence electrons. HOWEVER, some people insist on attempting to find a “better” Lewis structure with lower formal charges. In this case it IS possible to do so by creating double bonds between the sulfur atom and BOTH oxygen atoms, and this would seem feasible since S can expand its octet. This of course also helps to explain the equal bond length of the S-O bonds and it was accepted as an equally good answer as the “resonance” explanation. Now, I have no problem with this, but I would warn against always seeking “better” structures. It leads to a way too opened ended situation in most questions and it serves no purpose if a simple Lewis structure (which obeys octet rules etc.) can be drawn.

The second example comes from 2005, 6c(ii). This question presents two structures of OPF₃ both with three single P-F bonds but one with a P=O and one with a P-O bond. It then asks which molecule is favored in terms of formal charge.

Now, when the molecules are presented in the question, and the question goes on to SPECIFICALLY ask about formal charge so I think that it is fair game to consider both molecules. Of course, it turns out that the expanded octet version DOES have a lower formal charge and therefore is the “preferred” structure, however, were this question simply to ask for a Lewis structure for the molecule I feel that the higher formal charge version would HAVE to be accepted since it fulfils octet and valence electron rules without the need to seek a “lower formal charge” structure.

In short, my advice is simply this. By all means teach formal charge, the kids need to know it, but caution as to its overuse. Don’t SEEK molecules with “better” formal charges when it is possible to draw perfectly adequate “octet obeying structures” that happen to have formal charges that may not be the best.

Links Page updates

I’m in the middle of updating the links page on the site. Weeding out the old, no longer updated and broken external web sites should make the links page a better resource. The second stage will be to build up the resource with some fresh links.